I finished making Zhuyin Fuhao (Bopomofo ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) Mnemonic Flashcards for you and your children! They are made with my Waldorf education approach of using lively pictures to help children remember the symbols. Click on the pictures below to download and print these 5 pages of PDF sheets onto your printer.
Bopomofo 注音符號 注音符号 (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) | |
---|---|
Type | Semisyllabary (letters for onsets and rimes; diacritics for tones) |
Creator | Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation Introduced by the Beiyang government of the ROC |
1918 to 1958 in mainland China;[1] 1945 to the present in Taiwan | |
Parent systems | Oracle Bone Script
|
Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols, Suzhou Phonetic Symbols, Hmu Phonetic Symbols | |
Sister systems | Simplified Chinese, Kanji, Hanja, Chữ Nôm, Khitan script |
Direction | Left-to-right |
ISO 15924 | Bopo, 285 |
Bopomofo | |
| |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Mandarin Phonetic Symbol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 注音符號 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified Chinese | 注音符号 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Chinese romanisation |
---|
Mandarin |
|
Wu |
Yue |
Southern Min |
Eastern Min |
Northern Min |
Pu-Xian Min |
Hainanese |
Hakka |
Gan |
See also |
Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c.BCE
Mesopotamian cuneiform 32 c. BCE
Indus script 26 c. BCE Cretan hieroglyphs (possible ancestor of Linear A) 21 c. BCE
Chinese Characters 13 c. BCE
Mesoamerican family (see) E.g.
Dongba symbols 10 c. CE Yi script 15 c. CE (syllabic version established in 1974) Thaana 18 c. CE (derived from Brahmi numerals) Vai syllabary 1830s CE Bamum script 1896 CE
Osmanya alphabet 1920s CE Santali alphabet (or Ol Chiki script) 1925 CE Borama alphabet 1933 CE Kaddare script (resembling Osmanya script and Brahmi script.) 1952 CE |
Bopomofo, also called Zhuyin (Chinese: 注音) or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, is the major Chinese transliteration system for Taiwanese Mandarin. It is also used to transcribe other varieties of Chinese, particularly other varieties of Standard Chinese and related Mandarin dialects, as well as Taiwanese Hokkien.
Zhuyin Fuhao and Zhuyin are traditional terms, whereas Bopomofo is the colloquial term, also used by the ISO and Unicode. Consisting of 37 characters and four tone marks, it transcribes all possible sounds in Mandarin. Zhuyin was introduced in China by the Republican Government in the 1910s and used alongside the Wade–Giles system, which used a modified Latin alphabet. The Wade system was replaced by Hanyu Pinyin in 1958 by the Government of the People's Republic of China,[2] and at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1982.[3] Although Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009,[4] Bopomofo is still an official transliteration system there and remains widely used as an educational tool and for electronic input methods.
- 5Writing
- 6Comparison
- 8Computer uses
Name[edit]
Similarly to the way that the word 'alphabet' is ultimately derived from the names of the first two letters of the alphabet (alpha and beta), the name 'Bopomofo' is derived from the first four syllables in the conventional ordering of available syllables in Mandarin Chinese. The four Bopomofo characters (ㄅㄆㄇㄈ) that correspond to these syllables are usually placed first in a list of these characters. The same sequence is sometimes used by other speakers of Chinese to refer to other phonetic systems.[citation needed]
The original formal name of the system was ; ; Guóyīn Zìmǔ; 'National Language Phonetic Alphabet' and ; ; Zhùyīn Zìmǔ; 'Phonetic Alphabet or Annotated Phonetic Letters'.[5] It was later renamed 注音符号; 注音符號; Zhùyīn Fúhào; 'phonetic symbols'.
In official documents, Zhuyin is occasionally called 'Mandarin Phonetic Symbols I' (國語注音符號第一式), abbreviated as 'MPS I' (注音一式).
In English translations, the system is often also called either Chu-yin or the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols.[5][6] A romanized phonetic system was released in 1984 as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (MPS II).
History[edit]
The Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation, led by Wu Zhihui from 1912 to 1913, created a system called Zhuyin Zimu,[5] which was based on Zhang Binglin's shorthand. A draft was released on July 11, 1913, by the Republic of China National Ministry of Education, but it was not officially proclaimed until November 23, 1928.[5] It was later renamed first Guoyin Zimu and then, in April 1930, Zhuyin Fuhao. The last renaming addressed fears that the alphabetic system might independently replace Chinese characters.[7]
Modern use in Taiwan[edit]
Direction sign for children in Taipei including bopomofo
Zhuyin remains the predominant phonetic system in teaching reading and writing in elementary school in Taiwan. It is also one of the most popular ways to enter Chinese characters into computers and smartphones and to look up characters in a dictionary.
In elementary school, particularly in the lower years, Chinese characters in textbooks are often annotated with Zhuyin as ruby characters as an aid to learning. Additionally, one children's newspaper in Taiwan, the Mandarin Daily News, annotates all articles with Zhuyin ruby characters.
In teaching Mandarin, Taiwan institutions and some overseas communities use Zhuyin as a learning tool.
Etymology[edit]
Table showing Zhuyin in Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Bopomofo in Regular, Handwritten Regular & Cursive formats
The Zhuyin characters were created by Zhang Binglin, and taken mainly from 'regularised' forms of ancient Chinese characters, the modern readings of which contain the sound that each letter represents. It is to be noted that the first consonants are articulated from the front of the mouth to the back, /b/, /p/, /m/, /f/, /d/, /t/, /n/, /l/ etc.
Consonants | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhuyin | Origin[citation needed] | IPA | Pinyin | WG | Example |
ㄅ | From 勹, the ancient form and current top portion of 包bāo | p | b | p | 八 bā ㄅㄚ |
ㄆ | From 攵, the combining form of 攴pū | pʰ | p | pʻ | 杷 pá ㄆㄚˊ |
ㄇ | From 冂, the archaic character and current radical冖mì | m | m | m | 馬 mǎ ㄇㄚˇ |
ㄈ | From 匚fāng | f | f | f | 法 fǎ ㄈㄚˇ |
ㄉ | From ?, archaic form of 刀dāo. Compare the Shuowen seal . | t | d | t | 地 dì ㄉㄧˋ |
ㄊ | From ㄊtū, upside-down form of 子zǐ ( and in seal script)[8] | tʰ | t | tʻ | 提 tí ㄊㄧˊ |
ㄋ | From /?, ancient form of 乃nǎi (be) | n | n | n | 你 nǐ ㄋㄧˇ |
ㄌ | From ?, archaic form of 力lì | l | l | l | 利 lì ㄌㄧˋ |
ㄍ | From the obsolete character 巜guì/kuài 'river' | k | g | k | 告 gào ㄍㄠˋ |
ㄎ | From the archaic character 丂kǎo | kʰ | k | kʻ | 考 kǎo ㄎㄠˇ |
ㄏ | From the archaic character and current radical 厂hǎn | x | h | h | 好 hǎo ㄏㄠˇ |
ㄐ | From the archaic character 丩jiū | tɕ | j | ch | 叫 jiào ㄐㄧㄠˋ |
ㄑ | From the archaic character ?quǎn, graphic root of the character 巛chuān (modern 川) | tɕʰ | q | chʻ | 巧 qiǎo ㄑㄧㄠˇ |
ㄒ | From 丅, an ancient form of 下xià. | ɕ | x | hs | 小 xiǎo ㄒㄧㄠˇ |
ㄓ | From /?, archaic form of 之zhī. | ʈʂ | zhi, zh- | ch | 知 zhī ㄓ; 主 zhǔ ㄓㄨˇ |
ㄔ | From the character and radical 彳chì | ʈʂʰ | chi, ch- | chʻ | 吃 chī ㄔ; 出 chū ㄔㄨ |
ㄕ | From ?, an ancient form of 尸shī | ʂ | shi, sh- | sh | 是 shì ㄕˋ; 束 shù ㄕㄨˋ |
ㄖ | Modified from the seal script form of 日rì (day/sun) | ɻ~ʐ | ri, r- | j | 日 rì ㄖˋ; 入 rù ㄖㄨˋ |
ㄗ | From the archaic character and current radical 卩jié, dialectically zié ([tsjě]; tsieh² in Wade–Giles) | ts | zi, z- | ts | 字 zì ㄗˋ; 在 zài ㄗㄞˋ |
ㄘ | From ?, archaic form of 七qī, dialectically ciī ([tsʰí]; tsʻi¹ in Wade–Giles). Compare semi-cursive form and seal-script . | tsʰ | ci, c- | tsʻ | 詞 cí ㄘˊ; 才 cái ㄘㄞˊ |
ㄙ | From the archaic character 厶sī, which was later replaced by its compound 私sī. | s | si, s- | s | 四 sì ㄙˋ; 塞 sāi ㄙㄞ |
Rhymes and medials | |||||
Zhuyin | Origin | IPA | Pinyin | WG | Example |
ㄚ | From 丫yā | a | a | a | 大 dà ㄉㄚˋ |
ㄛ | From the obsolete character ?hē, inhalation, the reverse of 丂kǎo, which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可kě.[9] | o | o | o | 多 duō ㄉㄨㄛ |
ㄜ | Derived from its allophone in Standard Chinese, ㄛo | ɤ | e | o/ê | 得 dé ㄉㄜˊ |
ㄝ | From 也yě (also). Compare the Warring States bamboo form | e | ê | eh | 爹 diē ㄉㄧㄝ |
ㄞ | From ?hài, archaic form of 亥. | ai | ai | ai | 晒 shài ㄕㄞˋ |
ㄟ | From 乁yí, an obsolete character meaning 移yí 'to move'. | ei | ei | ei | 誰 shéi ㄕㄟˊ |
ㄠ | From 幺yāo | au | ao | ao | 少 shǎo ㄕㄠˇ |
ㄡ | From 又yòu | ou | ou | ou | 收 shōu ㄕㄡ |
ㄢ | From the archaic character ?hàn 'to bloom', preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯fàn | an | an | an | 山 shān ㄕㄢ |
ㄣ | From ?, archaic variant of 鳦yǐ or 乚yà[10] (乚 is yǐn according to other sources[11]) | ən | en | ên | 申 shēn ㄕㄣ |
ㄤ | From 尢wāng | aŋ | ang | ang | 上 shàng ㄕㄤˋ |
ㄥ | From ?, archaic form of 肱gōng[12] | əŋ | eng | êng | 生 shēng ㄕㄥ |
ㄦ | From 儿, the bottom portion of 兒ér used as a cursive and simplified form | aɚ | er | êrh | 而 ér ㄦˊ |
ㄧ | From 一yī (one) | i | yi, -i | i | 以 yǐ ㄧˇ; 逆 nì ㄋㄧˋ |
ㄨ | From 㐅, ancient form of 五wǔ (five). Compare the transitory form ?. | u | wu, -u | u/w | 努 nǔ ㄋㄨˇ; 吳 wú ㄨˊ |
ㄩ | From the ancient character 凵qū, which remains as a radical | y | yu, -ü | ü/yü | 雨 yǔ ㄩˇ; 女 nǚ ㄋㄩˇ |
ㄭ | From the character 帀. It represents the minimal vowel of ㄓ,ㄔ,ㄕ,ㄖ,ㄗ,ㄘ,ㄙ, though it is not used after them in transcription.[13] | ɻ̩~ʐ̩, ɹ̩~z̩ | -i | ih/ŭ | 資 zī ㄗ; 知 zhī ㄓ; 死 sǐ ㄙˇ |
Writing[edit]
Stroke order[edit]
Zhuyin is written in the same stroke order rule as Chinese characters. Note that ㄖ is written with three strokes, unlike the character from which it is derived (Chinese: 日; pinyin: rì), which has four strokes.
Tonal marks[edit]
As shown in the following table, tone marks for the second, third, and fourth tones are shared between bopomofo and pinyin. In bopomofo, the lack of a marker is used to indicate the first tone while a dot above indicates the fifth tone (also known as the neutral tone). In pinyin, a macron (overbar) indicates the first tone and the lack of a marker indicates the fifth tone.
Tone | Bopomofo | Pinyin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tone Marker | Unicode Name | Tone Marker | Unicode Name | |
1 | (None) | (Not Applicable) | ◌̄ | Combining Macron |
2 | ˊ | Modifier Letter Acute Accent | ◌́ | Combining Acute Accent |
3 | ˇ | Caron | ◌̌ | Combining Caron |
4 | ˋ | Modifier Letter Grave Accent | ◌̀ | Combining Grave Accent |
5 | ˙ | Dot Above | (None) | (Not Applicable) |
Unlike Hanyu Pinyin, Zhuyin aligns well with the hanzi characters in books whose texts are printed vertically, making Zhuyin better suited for annotating the pronunciation of vertically oriented Chinese text.
Zhuyin, when used in conjunction with Chinese characters, are typically placed to the right of the Chinese character vertically or to the top of the Chinese character in a horizontal print (see Ruby characters).
Below is an example for the word 'bottle' (pinyin: píngzi):
| or |
|
Erhua transcription[edit]
Erhua-ed words merge as a single syllable, which means ㄦ is attached to the precedent syllable (like 歌兒 gēr). In case the syllable uses other tones than 1st tone, the tone is attached to the penultimate syllable, but not to ㄦ (e.g. 哪兒 nǎr; 一 點兒 yīdiǎnr; 好 玩兒 hǎowánr).[14]
Comparison[edit]
Pinyin[edit]
Zhuyin and pinyin are based on the same Mandarin pronunciations, hence there is a one-to-one correspondence between the two systems:
Rhyme | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄜ | ㄝ | ㄞ | ㄟ | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ | ㄦ | |
Medial | [ɨ] (ㄭ) 1 -i | [a] ㄚ a -a | [o] ㄛ3 o -o 3 | [ɤ] ㄜ e -e | [ai̯] ㄞ ai -ai | [ei̯] ㄟ ei -ei | [au̯] ㄠ ao -ao | [ou̯] ㄡ ou -ou | [an] ㄢ an -an | [ən] ㄣ en -en | [aŋ] ㄤ ang -ang | [əŋ] ㄥ eng -eng | [aɚ] ㄦ er |
ㄧ | [i] ㄧ yi -i | [i̯a] ㄧㄚ ya -ia | [i̯e] ㄧㄝ ye -ie | [i̯au̯] ㄧㄠ yao -iao | [i̯ou̯] ㄧㄡ you -iu | [i̯ɛn] ㄧㄢ yan -ian | [in] ㄧㄣ yin -in | [i̯aŋ] ㄧㄤ yang -iang | [iŋ] ㄧㄥ ying -ing | ||||
ㄨ | [u] ㄨ wu -u | [u̯a] ㄨㄚ wa -ua | [u̯o] ㄨㄛ3 wo -uo 3 | [u̯ai̯] ㄨㄞ wai -uai | [u̯ei̯] ㄨㄟ wei -ui | [u̯an] ㄨㄢ wan -uan | [u̯ən] ㄨㄣ wen -un | [u̯aŋ] ㄨㄤ wang -uang | [u̯əŋ], [ʊŋ] ㄨㄥ weng -ong 4 | ||||
ㄩ | [y] ㄩ yu -ü 2 | [y̯e] ㄩㄝ yue -üe 2 | [y̯ɛn] ㄩㄢ yuan -üan 2 | [yn] ㄩㄣ yun -ün 2 | [i̯ʊŋ] ㄩㄥ yong -iong |
1 Not written.
2 ⟨ü⟩ is written as ⟨u⟩ after ⟨j⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨x⟩, or ⟨y⟩.
3 ⟨ㄨㄛ⟩/⟨-uo⟩ is written as ⟨ㄛ⟩/⟨-o⟩ after ⟨ㄅ⟩/⟨-b⟩, ⟨ㄆ⟩/⟨-p⟩, ⟨ㄇ⟩/⟨-m⟩, ⟨ㄈ⟩/⟨-f⟩.
4 ⟨weng⟩ is pronounced [oŋ] (written as ⟨-ong⟩) when it follows an initial.
Chart[edit]
IPA | a | ɔ | ɛ | ɤ | ai | ei | au | ou | an | ən | aŋ | əŋ | ʊŋ | aɚ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | a | o | ê | e | ai | ei | ao | ou | an | en | ang | eng | ong | er |
Tongyong Pinyin | e | e | ||||||||||||
Wade–Giles | eh | ê/o | ên | êng | ung | êrh | ||||||||
Bopomofo | ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄝ | ㄜ | ㄞ | ㄟ | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ | ㄨㄥ | ㄦ |
example | 阿 | 哦 | 呗/唄 | 俄 | 艾 | 黑 | 凹 | 偶 | 安 | 恩 | 昂 | 冷 | 中 | 二 |
IPA | i | je | jou | jɛn | in | iŋ | jʊŋ | u | wo | wei | wən | wəŋ | y | ɥe | ɥɛn | yn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | yi | ye | you | yan | yin | ying | yong | wu | wo/o | wei | wen | weng | yu | yue | yuan | yun |
Tongyong Pinyin | wun | wong | ||||||||||||||
Wade–Giles | i/yi | yeh | yu | yen | yung | wên | wêng | yü | yüeh | yüan | yün | |||||
Bopomofo | ㄧ | ㄧㄝ | ㄧㄡ | ㄧㄢ | ㄧㄣ | ㄧㄥ | ㄩㄥ | ㄨ | ㄨㄛ/ㄛ | ㄨㄟ | ㄨㄣ | ㄨㄥ | ㄩ | ㄩㄝ | ㄩㄢ | ㄩㄣ |
example | 一 | 也 | 又 | 言 | 音 | 英 | 用 | 五 | 我 | 位 | 文 | 翁 | 玉 | 月 | 元 | 云/雲 |
IPA | p | pʰ | m | fəŋ | tjou | twei | twən | tʰɤ | ny | ly | kɤɚ | kʰɤ | xɤ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | b | p | m | feng | diu | dui | dun | te | nü | lü | ger | ke | he |
Tongyong Pinyin | fong | diou | duei | nyu | lyu | ||||||||
Wade–Giles | p | pʻ | fêng | tiu | tui | tun | tʻê | nü | lü | kor | kʻo | ho | |
Bopomofo | ㄅ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄈㄥ | ㄉㄧㄡ | ㄉㄨㄟ | ㄉㄨㄣ | ㄊㄜ | ㄋㄩ | ㄌㄩ | ㄍㄜㄦ | ㄎㄜ | ㄏㄜ |
example | 玻 | 婆 | 末 | 封 | 丟 | 兑/兌 | 顿/頓 | 特 | 女 | 旅 | 歌儿/歌兒 | 可 | 何 |
IPA | tɕjɛn | tɕjʊŋ | tɕʰin | ɕɥɛn | ʈʂɤ | ʈʂɨ | ʈʂʰɤ | ʈʂʰɨ | ʂɤ | ʂɨ | ɻɤ | ɻɨ | tsɤ | tswo | tsɨ | tsʰɤ | tsʰɨ | sɤ | sɨ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | jian | jiong | qin | xuan | zhe | zhi | che | chi | she | shi | re | ri | ze | zuo | zi | ce | ci | se | si |
Tongyong Pinyin | jyong | cin | syuan | jhe | jhih | chih | shih | rih | zih | cih | sih | ||||||||
Wade–Giles | chien | chiung | chʻin | hsüan | chê | chih | chʻê | chʻih | shê | shih | jê | jih | tsê | tso | tzŭ | tsʻê | tzʻŭ | sê | ssŭ |
Bopomofo | ㄐㄧㄢ | ㄐㄩㄥ | ㄑㄧㄣ | ㄒㄩㄢ | ㄓㄜ | ㄓ | ㄔㄜ | ㄔ | ㄕㄜ | ㄕ | ㄖㄜ | ㄖ | ㄗㄜ | ㄗㄨㄛ | ㄗ | ㄘㄜ | ㄘ | ㄙㄜ | ㄙ |
example | 件 | 窘 | 秦 | 宣 | 哲 | 之 | 扯 | 赤 | 社 | 是 | 惹 | 日 | 仄 | 左 | 字 | 策 | 次 | 色 | 斯 |
IPA | ma˥˥ | ma˧˥ | ma˨˩˦ | ma˥˩ | ma |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pinyin | mā | má | mǎ | mà | ma |
Tongyong Pinyin | ma | må | |||
Wade–Giles | ma1 | ma2 | ma3 | ma4 | ma |
Bopomofo | ㄇㄚ | ㄇㄚˊ | ㄇㄚˇ | ㄇㄚˋ | ˙ㄇㄚ |
example (Chinese characters) | 妈/媽 | 麻 | 马/馬 | 骂/罵 | 吗/嗎 |
Non-Standard Mandarin dialects[edit]
Three letters formerly used in non-standard dialects of Mandarin are now also used to write other Chinese varieties. Some Zhuyin fonts do not contain these letters; see External links for PDF pictures.
In Taiwan, Bopomofo is used to teach Taiwanese Hokkien, and is also used to transcribe it phonetically in contexts such as on storefront signs, karaoke lyrics, and film subtitles.
Zhuyin | IPA | GR | Pinyin |
---|---|---|---|
ㄪ | v | v | v |
ㄫ | ŋ | ng | ng |
ㄬ | ɲ | gn | ny |
Computer uses[edit]
Input method[edit]
An example of a Zhuyin keypad for Taiwan
Zhuyin can be used as an input method for Chinese characters. It is one of the few input methods that can be found on most modern personal computers without the user having to download or install any additional software. It is also one of the few input methods that can be used for inputting Chinese characters on certain cell phones.[citation needed]
A typical keyboard layout for Zhuyin on computers
Unicode[edit]
Zhuyin was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Zhuyin, called Bopomofo, is U+3100–U+312F:
Bopomofo[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+310x | ㄅ | ㄆ | ㄇ | ㄈ | ㄉ | ㄊ | ㄋ | ㄌ | ㄍ | ㄎ | ㄏ | |||||
U+311x | ㄐ | ㄑ | ㄒ | ㄓ | ㄔ | ㄕ | ㄖ | ㄗ | ㄘ | ㄙ | ㄚ | ㄛ | ㄜ | ㄝ | ㄞ | ㄟ |
U+312x | ㄠ | ㄡ | ㄢ | ㄣ | ㄤ | ㄥ | ㄦ | ㄧ | ㄨ | ㄩ | ㄪ | ㄫ | ㄬ | ㄭ | ㄮ | ㄯ |
Notes
|
Additional characters were added in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
The Unicode block for these additional characters, called Bopomofo Extended, is U+31A0–U+31BF:
Bopomofo Extended[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+31Ax | ㆠ | ㆡ | ㆢ | ㆣ | ㆤ | ㆥ | ㆦ | ㆧ | ㆨ | ㆩ | ㆪ | ㆫ | ㆬ | ㆭ | ㆮ | ㆯ |
U+31Bx | ㆰ | ㆱ | ㆲ | ㆳ | ㆴ | ㆵ | ㆶ | ㆷ | ㆸ | ㆹ | ㆺ | |||||
Notes
|
Unicode 3.0 also added the characters U+02EA and U+02EB, in the Spacing Modifier Letters block. These two characters are now (since Unicode 6.0) classified as Bopomofo characters.[15]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^中國文字改革委員會 (Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language). 漢語拼音方案(草案) (Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet (Draft)). Beijing. Feb 1956. Page 15. '注音字母是1913年拟定,1918年公布的。'
- ^'Pinyin celebrates 50th birthday'. Xinhua News Agency. 2008-02-11. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^'ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese'. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ^Shih Hsiu-Chuan (18 Sep 2008). 'Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009'. Taipei Times. p. 2.
- ^ abcdThe Republic of China government, Government Information Office. 'Taiwan Yearbook 2006: The People & Languages'. Archived from the original on 2007-05-09.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|deadurl=
(help) |Also available at - ^Taiwan Headlines. 'Taiwan Headlines: Society News: New Taiwanese dictionary unveiled'. Government Information Office, Taiwan(ROC). Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-09-15.Cite uses deprecated parameter
|dead-url=
(help) - ^John DeFrancis. The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy. Honolulu, HI, USA: University of Hawaii Press, 1984. p. 242.
- ^Wenlin dictionary, entry ?.
- ^'Unihan data for U+20000'.
- ^Wenlin dictionary, entry ?.
- ^'Unihan data for U+4E5A'.
- ^Wenlin dictionary, entry ?.
- ^Michael Everson, H. W. Ho, Andrew West, 'Proposal to encode one Bopomofo character in the UCS', SC2 WG2 N3179.
- ^'The Zhuyin Alphabet 注音字母 Transcription System (Bo-po-mo-fo) (www.chinaknowledge.de)'. www.chinaknowledge.de.
- ^'Scripts-6.0.0.txt'. Unicode Consortium.
External links[edit]
Look up bopomofo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Unicode reference glyphs for 'bopomofo'(PDF).(69.6 KB) and 'extended bopomofo'(PDF).(61.6 KB)
- Bopomofo annotations – adds inline and pop-up annotations with bopomofo pronunciation and English definitions to Chinese text or web pages.
- Mandarin Dictionary – needs Chinese font for Big5 encoding
- Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool – converts between Pinyin, Zhuyin and other phonetic systems
- Chinese Romanization Converter – converts between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems
- NPA->IPA National Phonetic Alphabet (bopomofo) spellings of words transliterated into the International Phonetic Alphabet. The vowel values have been verified against the official IPA site. See IPA help preview, SIL International website. See IPA help preview, SIL International website. (Accessed 23-12-2010).
- Pinyin Annotator – adds bopomofo (bopomofo) or pinyin on top of any Chinese text, prompts alternative pronunciations to homonyms, has the option of exporting into OpenOffice Writer for further editing
- 《請利用螢幕上的小鍵盤輸入注音符號》 – online keyboard for bopomofo which can turn it into Chinese characters
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bopomofo&oldid=912348866'
Bopomofo | ||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified Chinese | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Zhuyin Fuhao, often shortened as zhuyin and commonly called bopomofo, is a type of sound-based writing for the Chinese language. In Chinese, 'bo', 'po', 'mo' and 'fo' are the first four of the conventional ordering of available syllables. As a result, the four syllables together have been used to refer to many different phonetic systems. For Chinese speakers who were first introduced to the Zhuyin system, 'bopomofo' means zhuyin fuhao.
Zhuyin | Pinyin | Origin |
---|---|---|
Initials | ||
ㄅ | b | From 勹, the top portion 包bāo |
ㄆ | p | From 攵, the combining form of 攴pū |
ㄇ | m | From 冂, the archaic form of the radical 冖mì |
ㄈ | f | From 匚fāng |
ㄉ | d | From the archaic form of 刀dāo. Compare the bamboo form . |
ㄊ | t | From the upside-down 子 seen at the top of 充 |
ㄋ | n | From /?, ancient form of 乃nǎi |
ㄌ | l | Calligraphic form of 力lì |
ㄍ | g | From the obsolete character 巜guì/kuài 'river' |
ㄎ | k | From 丂 from 考 kǎo |
ㄏ | h | From 厂hàn |
ㄐ | j | From the archaic character 丩 from 纠 jiū |
ㄑ | q | From the archaic character ㄑquǎn, graphic root of the character 巛chuān (modern 川) |
ㄒ | x | From 丅, a seal form of 下xià. |
ㄓ | zh | From /?, archaic form of 之zhī. |
ㄔ | ch | From the radical 彳chì |
ㄕ | sh | From the character 尸shī |
ㄖ | r | A semi-cursive form of 日rì |
ㄗ | z | From the radical 卩 节jié, dialectically zié |
ㄘ | c | Variant of 七qī, dialectically ciī. Compare semi-cursive form and seal-script . |
ㄙ | s | From the old character 厶sī, which was later replaced by its compound 私sī. |
Finals | ||
ㄧ | i, y | From 一yī |
ㄨ | u, w | From 㐅, ancient form of 五wǔ. |
ㄩ | ü, yu | From the ancient character 凵qū, which remains as a radical |
ㄚ | a | From 丫yā |
ㄛ | o | From the obsolete character ?hē, inhalation, the reverse of 丂 考 kǎo, which is preserved as a phonetic in the compound 可kě.[1] |
ㄜ | e | Derived from its allophone in Standard Mandarin, ㄛo |
ㄝ | e | From 也yě. Compare the Warring States bamboo form |
ㄞ | ai | From ?hài, bronze form of 亥. |
ㄟ | ei | From 乁yí, an obsolete character meaning 移yí 'to move'. |
ㄠ | ao | From 幺yāo |
ㄡ | ou | From 又yòu |
ㄢ | an | From the obsolete character ㄢhàn 'to bloom', preserved as a phonetic in the compound 犯fàn |
ㄣ | en | From 乚yǐn |
ㄤ | ang | From 尢wāng |
ㄥ | eng | From 厶, an obsolete form of 厷gōng |
ㄦ | er | From 儿, the bottom portion of 兒ér used as a cursive form |
ㄭ | i | (, and inverted ㄓ) Perhaps 市, in addition to ㄓ. It is the minimal vowel of ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, ㄙ that is spelled 'ih' in Tongyong Pinyin and Wade-Giles and 'i' in pinyin. |
The zhuyin characters are represented in typographic fonts as if drawn with an ink brush (as in Regular Script). They are encoded in Unicode in the bopomofo block, in the range U+3105 ... U+312D.
History[change | change source]
After the overthrow of China's last emperor during the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the new government in China created Zhuyin to help the common people read more easily.[2] However, the Chinese Communist Party, including Mao Zedong himself, wanted to ban writing Chinese characters altogether and replace them with the Latin alphabet.[3] When the People's Liberation Army defeated the Kuomingtang (the founding party of the Republic of China) in 1949 and sent them off to exile in Taiwan. The use of Zhuyin dropped in mainland China because the CPC was interested in using the Latin alphabet for writing Chinese phonetically.[4] However, Zhuyin is still widely used in Taiwan as it is used to type Chinese on computer and phone keyboards.
Features[change | change source]
Zhuyin was made to closely represent the sounds of Mandarin Chinese. Symbols are divided into two categories, the initials (the first sounds in a syllable), and the finals (the main vowel, the glide consonants ([y/i; IPA:/j/] and [w/u; IPA:/w/]) that come before the main vowel, and all the sound that comes after it). There are 4 tone marks to represent the 5 Mandarin tones.
References[change | change source]
- ↑'Unihan data for U+ 20000'.
- ↑'Zhuyin fuhao / Bopomofo'. omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
- ↑'Oracle Bones'. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
- ↑'Zhuyin fuhao / Bopomofo'. omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-07-09.
Retrieved from 'https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhuyin&oldid=6534572'